The NLS_DATABASE_PARAMETERS shows the values of the NLS parameters for the database. Oracle notes these differences between the parameters.

• NLS_SESSION_PARAMETERS shows the NLS parameters and their values for the session that is querying the view. It does not show information about the character set.
• NLS_INSTANCE_PARAMETERS shows the current NLS instance parameters that have been explicitly set and the values of the NLS instance parameters.
• NLS_DATABASE_PARAMETERS shows the values of the NLS parameters for the database. The values are stored in the database.

SELECT * FROM NLS_SESSION_PARAMETERS ORDER BY 1;   
SELECT * FROM NLS_INSTANCE_PARAMETERS ORDER BY 1;  
SELECT * FROM NLS_DATABASE_PARAMETERS ORDER BY 1; 

The NLS_LANGUAGE and NLS_TERRITORY values in NLS_DATABASE_PARAMETERS cannot be changed once the database has been created

References

dba-oracle
Oracle Blog

PL SQL Query to list the months between two dates

SELECT TO_CHAR(ADD_MONTHS(TRUNC(TO_DATE('01-JAN-22','DD-MON-YY'), 'MM'), LEVEL -1),'MON-YY')
MONTH_YEAR 
FROM DUAL
CONNECT BY LEVEL <= MONTHS_BETWEEN(TO_DATE('01-DEC-22','DD-MON-YY'), 
    TO_DATE('01-JAN -22','DD-MON-YY')) + 1
ORDER BY LEVEL;

Result set

MONTH_YEAR
JAN-22
FEB-22
MAR-22
APR-22
MAY-22
JUN-22
JUL-22
AUG-22
SEP-22
OCT-22
NOV-22
DEC-22

Middleware functions are functions that have access to the request object (req), the response object (res), and the next function in the application’s request-response cycle. The next function is a function in the Express router which, when invoked, executes the middleware succeeding the current middleware.

Middleware functions can perform the following tasks:

• Execute any code.
• Make changes to the request and the response objects.
• End the request-response cycle.
• Call the next middleware in the stack.

If the current middleware function does not end the request-response cycle, it must call next() to pass control to the next middleware function. Otherwise, the request will be left hanging.

To load the middleware function, call app.use(), specifying the middleware function.

For example, the following code loads the myLogger middleware function before the route to the root path (/).

const express = require('express')
const app = express()

const myLogger = function (req, res, next) {
  console.log('LOGGED')
  next()
}

app.use(myLogger)

app.get('/', (req, res) => {
res.send('Hello World!')
})

app.listen(3000)

Snippet for creating a progress bar in the header section.

  <div class="header mt-100">
    <div class="row">
      <div class="progress">
        <div class="progress-bar" id="myBar"></div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

  <script>
    // When the user scrolls the page, execute scrollFn 
    window.onscroll = function () { scrollFn() };

    function scrollFn() {
      var winScroll = document.body.scrollTop || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
      var height = document.documentElement.scrollHeight - document.documentElement.clientHeight;
      var scrolled = (winScroll / height) * 100;
      document.getElementById("myBar").style.width = scrolled + "%";
    }
  </script>

What is a port?

A port is a virtual point where network connections starts and end. Ports are software based and managed by a computer’s operating system. Each port is associated with a specific process or service. Ports allow computers to easily differentiate between different kinds of traffic: emails go to a different port than webpages, for instance, even though both reach a computer over the same Internet connection.

What is a port number?

Ports are standardized across all network-connected devices, with each port assigned a number. Most ports are reserved for certain protocols — for example, all Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) messages go to port 80. While IP addresses enable messages to go to and from specific devices, port numbers allow targeting of specific services or applications within those devices.

References

Cloudflare

A database management system (DBMS) is software that controls the storage, organization, and retrieval of data.

Typically, a DBMS has the following elements:

• Kernel code
  This code manages memory and storage for the DBMS.

• Repository of metadata
  This repository is usually called a data dictionary.

• Query language
  This language enables applications to access the data.

A database application is a software program that interacts with a database to access and manipulate data.

The first generation of database management systems included the following types:

• Hierarchical
  A hierarchical database organizes data in a tree structure. Each parent record has one or more child records, similar to the structure of a file system.

• Network
  A network database is similar to a hierarchical database, except records have a many-to-many rather than a one-to-many relationship.

References

Oracle

In his seminal 1970 paper “A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks,” E. F. Codd defined a relational model based on mathematical set theory. Today, the most widely accepted database model is the relational model.

A relational database is a database that conforms to the relational model. The relational model has the following major aspects:

• Structures
  Well-defined objects store or access the data of a database.

• Operations
  Clearly defined actions enable applications to manipulate the data and structures of a database.

• Integrity rules
  Integrity rules govern operations on the data and structures of a database.

A relational database stores data in a set of simple relations. A relation is a set of tuples (rows). A tuple is an unordered set of attribute (columns) values.

A table is a two-dimensional representation of a relation in the form of rows (tuples) and columns (attributes). Each row in a table has the same set of columns. A relational database is a database that stores data in relations (tables). For example, a relational database could store information about company employees in an employee table, a department table, and a salary table.

References

Oracle

Example of Cursor:

declare    
    cursor c1 is select first_name, salary from hr.employees;
begin    
    for c in c1 
    loop
        dbms_output.put_line('Ename: ' || c.first_name || ', Salary: ' || c.salary);
    end loop;
end;

Example of Ref Cursor

declare    
    c1 SYS_REFCURSOR;
    ename varchar2(10);
    sal number;
begin
    open c1 for select first_name, salary from hr.employees;
    LOOP 
        FETCH c1 into ename, sal;
            EXIT WHEN c1%NOTFOUND;
        dbms_output.put_line('Ename: ' || first_name || ', Salary: ' || salary);
    END LOOP;
    close c1;    
end;

They are both cursors and can be processed in the same fashion and at the most basic level, they both are same. There are some important differences between regular cursors and ref cursors which are following:

1. A ref cursor can not be used in CURSOR FOR LOOP, it must be used in simple CURSOR LOOP statement as in example.

2. A ref cursor is defined at runtime and can be opened dynamically but a regular cursor is static and defined at compile time.

3. A ref cursor can be passed to another PL/SQL routine (function or procedure) or returned to a client. A regular cursor cannot be returned to a client application and must be consumed within same routine.

4. A ref cursor incurs a parsing penalty because it cannot cached but regular cursor will be cached by PL/SQL which can lead to a significant reduction in CPU utilization.

5. A regular cursor can be defined outside of a procedure or a function as a global package variable. A ref cursor cannot be; it must be local in scope to a block of PL/SQL code.

6. A regular cursor can more efficiently retrieve data than ref cursor. A regular cursor can implicitly fetch 100 rows at a time if used with CURSOR FOR LOOP. A ref cursor must use explicit array fetching.

Use of ref cursors should be limited to only when you have a requirement of returning result sets to clients and when there is NO other efficient/effective means of achieving the goal.

References

Ask Tom
greenstechnologys

A cursor variable is a cursor that contains a pointer to a query result set. The result set is determined by execution of the OPEN FOR statement using the cursor variable.

A cursor variable, unlike a static cursor, is not associated with a particular query. The same cursor variable can be opened a number of times with separate OPEN FOR statements containing different queries. A new result set is created each time and made available through the cursor variable.

Strong typed REF CURSOR

DECLARE TYPE customer_t IS REF CURSOR RETURN customers%ROWTYPE;
c_customer customer_t;

This form of cursor variable called strong typed REF CURSOR because the cursor variable is always associated with a specific record structure, or type.

And here is an example of a weak typed REF CURSOR declaration that is not associated with any specific structure:

Weak typed REF CURSOR

DECLARE TYPE customer_t IS REF CURSOR;
c_customer customer_t;

Starting from Oracle 9i, you can use SYS_REFCURSOR, which is a predefined weak typed REF CURSOR, to declare a weak REF CURSOR as follows:

DECLARE c_customer SYS_REFCURSOR;

The SYS_REFCURSOR data type is known as a weakly-typed REF CURSOR type. Strongly-typed cursor variables of the REF CURSOR type require a result set specification.

References

OracleTututorial
IBM

We can say two objects are referentially equal when the pointers of the two objects are the same or when the operators are the same object instance. For example {} === {} is false because it is checking referential equality.

Example:

<script>
    var a = 1;
    var b = 1;
    console.log(a == b); // true
    console.log(a === b); // true

    var c = 10;
    var d = "10";
    console.log(c == d); // true
    console.log(c === d); // false

    const name1 = {
        first_name: "sarah",
    };

    const name2 = {
        first_name: "sarah",
    };

    console.log(name1 == name2); // false
    console.log(name1 === name2); // false

    console.log(Object.is(name1, name2)); // false
    console.log(Object.is(name1, name1)); // true
</script>

References

webdevsimplified
geeksforgeeks
Object is