1. Shortest Program in JS: Empty file. Still, browsers make global Execution context and global space along with Window object.
2. Global scope: Anything that is not in a function, is in the global space.
3. Variables present in a global space can be accessed by a “window” object. (like window.a)
4. In global scope, (this === window) object. For example refer the below,

var a = 10;

Console.log(windows.a) // 10
Console.log(a)  // 10
Console.log(this.a) // 10

An important difference between function declarations and class declarations is that while functions can be called in code that appears before they are defined, classes must be defined before they can be constructed.

class hoisting

Classes defined using a class declaration are hoisted, which means that JavaScript has a reference to the class. However the class is not initialized by default, so any code that uses it before the line in which it is initialized is executed will throw a ReferenceError.

const p = new Rectangle(); // ReferenceError
class Rectangle {}

This occurs because while the class is hoisted its values are not initialized.

Function and class expression hoisting

Function expressions and class expressions are not hoisted.

References

w3schools

The state of an application (or anything else, really) is its condition or quality of being at a given moment in time—its state of being. Whether something is stateful or stateless depends on how long the state of interaction with it is being recorded and how that information needs to be stored.

Stateless

A stateless process or applicaton can be understood in isolation. There is no stored information or references to past transactions. Each transaction is made as if from scratch for the first time. Think of stateless transactions as a vending machine: a single request and a response.

Stateful

Stateful applications and processes, however, are those that can be returned to again and again, like online banking or email. They’re performed with the context of previous transactions and the current transaction may be affected by what happened during previous transactions. For these reasons, stateful apps use the same servers each time they process a request from a user.

References

Redhat blog